Literature - Oscar Wilde

Oscar Wilde:

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900) was an Irish writer and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. Today he is remembered for his epigrams, his only novel (The Picture of Dorian Gray), his plays, and the circumstances of his imprisonment and early death.

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Literature - Jane Austen

Jane Austen:

Read more about Jane Austen on Wikipedia

Novels:

    Sense and Sensibility (1811)
    Pride and Prejudice (1813)
    Mansfield Park (1814)
    Emma (1815)
    Northanger Abbey (1818, posthumous)
    Persuasion (1818, posthumous)

Literature - Comedy of Manners

Comedy of Manners:

A witty, cerebral form of dramatic comedy that depicts and often satirizes the manners and affectations of a contemporary society, often by stereotypical stock characters. A comedy of manners is concerned with social usage and the question of whether or not characters meet certain social standards. Often the governing social standard is morally trivial but exacting. The plot of such a comedy, usually concerned with an illicit love affair or similarly scandalous matter, is subordinate to (less important than) the play’s brittle atmosphere, witty dialogue, and pungent commentary on human foibles.


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Literature - Grand Narrative

Grand Narrative:

In critical theory, and particularly postmodernism, a metanarrative (sometimes master- or grand narrative) is an abstract idea that is supposed to be a comprehensive explanation of historical experience or knowledge. According to John Stephens it "is a global or totalizing cultural narrative schema which orders and explains knowledge and experience". The prefix meta means "beyond" and is here used to mean "about", and a narrative is a story. Therefore, a metanarrative is a story about a story, encompassing and explaining other 'little stories' within totalizing schemes.

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Persian Literatrue

حکایت سحر خیز باش تا کامروا گردی:

حکایت کرده اند٬ بزرگمهر٬ هرروز صبح زود خدمت انوشیروان می رفت٬ پس از ادای احترام٬رو در روی انوشیروان می گفت:

سحر خیز باش تا کامروا گردی.


شبی٬ انوشیروان به سرداران نظامی اش٬ دستور داد تا نیمه شب بیدار شوندو سر راه بزرگمهر٬ منتظر بمانند.چون پیش از صبح خواست به درگاه پادشاه بیاید٬ لباس هایش از تنش در بیاورندو از هر طرف به او حمله کنندتاراه فراری برای او باقی نماند.

بزرگمهر راه فراری پیدا نکرد. برهنه به درگاه انوشیروان امد٬پادشاه خندید و گفت:

مگر هر روز نمی گفتی٬سحر خیز باش تا کامروا باشی؟

بزرگمهر گفت:دزدان امشب ٬کامروا شدند٬زیرا انها زودتر ازمن٬ بیدار شده بودند.اگر من زودتر از انها بیدار می شدم و به درگاه پادشاه می امدم من کامرواتر بودم

Stream of Consciousness

Stream of Consciousness:

Stream of consciousness is a narrative device used in literature "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind. The narrative is in a way that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows the natural flow of a character's thoughts, feelings, memories, expectations, and mental images as the character experiences them. Another phrase for it is 'interior monologue'.

Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in thought and lack of punctuation.

The term "Stream of Consciousness" was coined by philosopher and psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology (1890).

James Joyce, Katherine Anne Porter, Virginia Woolf, Henry James, and William Faulkner are among the authors most closely associated with this technique.

Persian: سیال ذهن

Aristotle’s Definition of Tragedy

Aristotle’s Definition of Tragedy:

Tragedy  is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions. . . . Every Tragedy, therefore, must have six parts, which parts determine its quality—namely, Plot, Characters, Diction, Thought, Spectacle, and Melody.

Source: cnr.edu

Two Epistolary Novels

Epistolary Novels:

Clarissa and Pamela by Richardson are two examples of epistolary novels.

The Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre:

The Boston Massacre, called the Incident on King Street by the British, was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers killed five civilian men and injured six others. British troops had been stationed in Boston, capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, since 1768 in order to protect and support crown-appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation.

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Literary Figures - T.S. Eliot

Thomas Stearns Eliot:

Thomas Stearns Eliot 1888-1965

An American publisher, playwright, literary and social critic.

His best-known poems are:

Gerontion (1920)
The Waste Land (1922)
The Hollow Men (1925)
Ash Wednesday (1930)
Four Quartets (1945)

He specifically identified as Anglo-Catholic, proclaiming himself classicist in literature, royalist in politics.

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Metaphysical Poetry

Metaphysical Poetry:

The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion.

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Romantic Period

Romantic Period:

A.D. 1825-1900

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Cædmon's Hymn

Cædmon's Hymn:

Cædmon's Hymn is a short Old English poem originally composed by Cædmon, an illiterate cowherd, in honour of God the Creator. It survives in a Latin translation by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum and in vernacular versions written down in several manuscripts of Bede's Historia.

Like many Old English and Anglo-Latin pieces, it was designed to be sung aloud and was never physically recorded by Cædmon himself, but was written and preserved by other literate individuals. The Hymn itself was composed between 658 and 680, recorded in the earlier part of the 8th century, and survives today in at least 14 verified manuscript copies. Bede writes about the poet and his work in the fourth book of his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. The Hymn is Cædmon's sole surviving composition.

The poem forms a prominent landmark and reference point for the study of Old English prosody, for the early influence which Christianity had on the poems and songs of the Anglo-Saxon people after their conversion.

Cædmon's Hymn is the oldest recorded Old English poem, and also one of the oldest surviving samples of Germanic alliterative verse. Within Old English, only the inscriptions upon the Ruthwell Cross (doubtful) or Franks Casket (7th or early 8th century) may be of comparable age. Outside of Old English, there are a few alliterative lines preserved in epigraphy (Horns of Gallehus, Pforzen buckle) which have a claim to greater age.

Source: Wikipedia.com